What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)?
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder where the airway becomes blocked, causing repeated pauses in breathing during sleep. These pauses can:
- Last 10 seconds or longer (called apneas or hypopneas)
- Lower oxygen levels in the blood
- Lead to health problems like heart disease
How Common is OSA?
OSA is a chronic condition affecting at least 2-4% of adults.
Signs & Symptoms of OSA
If you experience any of these symptoms, speak to a healthcare professional:
Breathing & Sleep Issues
- Loud snoring
- Gasping or choking while sleeping
- Pauses in breathing (often noticed by a bed partner)
- Waking up frequently or trouble staying asleep
- Excessive daytime sleepiness
Other Symptoms
- Morning headaches
- Memory problems or trouble concentrating
- Irritability or mood changes
- Decreased libido
- Frequent nighttime urination
How is OSA Diagnosed?
1. Screening: The STOP-BANG Questionnaire
Doctors often use this quick screening tool to assess OSA risk. Risk factors include:
- Age over 50
- BMI (body mass index) over 35
- Being male or a post-menopausal female
2. Sleep Study (Polysomnography)
To confirm OSA, a sleep study may be required. This can be done:
- In a sleep lab (monitored by specialists)
- At home (using a portable sleep test)
A sleep study measures:
- Breathing patterns
- Oxygen levels
- Heart rate
- Sleep stages
Your doctor will determine the best test for you.
Treatment Options
1. Lifestyle Changes
- Weight loss and exercise may reduce symptoms
- Avoid sleeping on your back (side sleeping is often better)
- Avoid alcohol before bed—it worsens OSA
- Certain medications (like sedatives and opioids) may worsen OSA
Lifestyle changes are often used along with other treatments.
2. Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) Therapy
PAP therapy is the most common and effective treatment for OSA. It involves:
- Wearing a mask connected to a machine
- The machine delivers pressurized air to keep your airway open
Types of PAP Therapy:
- CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure): Delivers a constant airflow
- BiPAP (Bilevel PAP): Provides different air pressures when you inhale and exhale
Your doctor will help choose the right type for you.
3. Oral Appliances
If CPAP isn’t an option, a custom-fitted oral device may help.
- Worn like a mouthguard
- Adjusts jaw or tongue position to keep the airway open
- Best for mild to moderate OSA
4. Surgery (For Severe Cases)
Surgery is not usually the first option but may help if other treatments don’t work. Common procedures include:
- Tonsil removal
- Correcting a deviated septum
- Jaw repositioning surgery
A surgeon experienced in sleep apnea procedures should evaluate your case.
Need More Information?
For a deeper dive, refer to:
Epstein LJ et al. Clinical guideline for the evaluation, management, and long-term care of obstructive sleep apnea in adults. J Clin Sleep Med 2009;5(3):263-276.